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Folk Dance Federation of California, South, Inc.

Special Characters
Compiled by Dick Oakes

Special Characters

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Unique special characters have "diacritical marks" that give Latin alphabets new letters and sounds for various languages.

"It is gratifying to note a great improvement in the spelling and pronunciation of Balkan dance names and the recent standardization of these often difficult foreign words. As to the spelling, there is a good tendency to spell Balkan dances in the Latin ("Latinica") alphabet of the Serbo-Croatian language. The latest breakthrough toward this consistency is in Bulgarian. Actually, Bulgarian is akin to Macedonian as Serbian is akin to Croatian. We have been using the Latinica rather than the phonetic which is subject to so many interpretations (such as dajčovo instead of dajchovo, daychovo, or daichovo; pajduško instead of pajdushko or paidushko; and šopsko instead of shopsko)." ~John Filcich.

In addition, there is another special case having to do with the Romanian language.

"Although the Romanian Academy standard mandates the comma-below variants for the sounds /sh/ and /ts/, the cedilla variants are still widely used. Many printed and online texts still incorrectly use "s with cedilla" and "t with cedilla". This state of affairs is due to an initial lack of glyph standardization, compounded by the lack of computer font support for the comma-below variants. The lack of support for the comma diacritics has been corrected in current versions of major operating systems: Windows Vista or newer, Linux distributions after 2005, and currently supported Mac OS versions. As mandated by the European Union, Microsoft released a font update to correct this deficiency in Windows XP in early 2007, soon after Romania joined the European Union." ~Wikipedia

Following the Name and Description section is a more comprehensive List of HTML Special Characters.

See the convenient chart for folk dance teachers, Selected HTML Special Characters, a printable cheat sheet of specially selected special characters showing the HTML codes. Print it, cut it out, and tape to your monitor when you're editing HTML files!

Find more information about special characters at Alan Wood's Unicode Resources.

Another site about special characters is at Quackit HTML Special Characters.



NAME AND DESCRIPTION

acute accent
(uh-KYOOT ak-sent) A diagonal mark, placed over a letter to represent a particular sound. Slants from upper right down to lower left. Used in Czech, French, Hungarian, Icelandic, Irish, Polish, Portuguese, Serbo-Croatian, Slovakian, Spanish, and Latinized Macedonian. Examples: Á á Ć ć Ǵ ǵ É é Ḱ ḱ Í í Ĺ ĺ Ń ń Ŕ ŕ Ś ś Ý ý Ź ź.

breve
(BREEV) A curved mark with the open side up that is placed over a vowel or other letter, such as an "A" or "G." Used in Latin, Romanian, Turkish, and Latinized Bulgarian. Examples: Ă ă Ğ ğ.

caret
(KHER-et) See "circumflex."

caron
(KHAR-un) See "hachek."

cedilla
(sih-DIL-uh) A tiny curved symbol, like a backward "c," placed at the bottom (or top) of a letter to indicate a different pronunciation. Used in French, Polish, Portuguese, and Turkish. Examples: Ç ç Ę ę Ģ ģ Ļ ļ Ņ ņ Ŗ ŗ Ş ş Ţ ţ.
(Note that with the "g" the character is above.)

circumflex
(SER-cum-fleks) A mark like the caret (the "hat" symbol found on the "6" key of a keyboard) placed over a letter to indicate various pronunciations. Used in French, Polish, Romanian, and Latinized Bulgarian. Examples: Â â Ĉ ĉ Ê ê Ĝ ĝ Ĥ ĥ Î î Ĵ ĵ Ŝ ŝ Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ.

comma below
(CAH-mah bee-LOW) A comma placed below a letter. Used in Romanian. Examples: Ș ș Ț ț.

diaeresis
(dai-er-IH-sis) See "umlaut."

digraph
(DAI-graf) See "ligature."

dot
(DAHT) In Turksh, a dot placed over an upper-case "I" to represent the same sound as a dotted lower-case "i." Turkish also has the letter "I" undotted in both upper-case and lower-case. Examples: Ċ ċ Ė ė Ġ ġ İ i I ı Ż ż.

double acute
(DUH-bl uh-KYOOT) Two "acute accents" or "prime" marks. Placed above the letters "O" and "U." Used in Hungarian and Latvian. Examples: Ő ő Ű ű.

grave accent
(GRAHV or GRAEV AK-sent) A diagonal mark placed above a vowel. Slants from upper left to lower right (the reverse of the "acute accent"). Used in French, Italian, and Ancient Greek. Examples: À à È è Ì ì Ò ò Ù ù.

hachek
(HAH-chek) Looks like an upside-down caret, or a small "v." Placed above vowels and some consonants. Used in Czech, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovakian, Turkish, as well as Latinized Bulgarian and Macedonian. Examples: Č č Ě ě Ğ ğ Ň ň Ř ř Š š Ž ž.

ligature
(LIH-guh-choor) A character that resembles two letters joined together, as in AE, fl, or OE. Used in Danish, English, French, Icelandic, and Norwegian. Also called "digraph" (DAI-graf). Examples: Æ æ IJ ij Œ œ.

macron
(MAY-krahn or MAH-kruhn) A horizontal mark over a vowel to indicate that the vowel is to be pronounced stressed or long. Used in South Asian languages, Hawaiian, Latvian, and Lithuanian. Examples: Ā ā Ē ē Ī ī Ō ō Ū ū.

ogonek
(OH-goh-nek) A small mark resembling a "cedilla" but reversed, placed beneath a letter. Used in Albanian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, and Turkish. Examples: Ą ą Ę ę Į į Ų ų.

ring
(RIHNG) Hollow circle above a vowel. Used in Czech, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Examples: Å å Ů ů.

stroke
(STROKE) A horizontal or slanted mark. In Icelandic, the stroked letter is called the "edh" (or "eth") and the Icelandic lower-case letter looks like a lower-case "d" tilted to the left with a slanted stroke (ð). The capital "D" has a horizontal stroke across the vertical side. In Polish, the letter "L" ("l") is changed in pronunciation to a "w" sound with the addition of a slanted stroke (as in the word "Łowicza"). Used in Danish, Icelandic, Old English, Norwegian, Polish, and Serbo-Croatian. Examples: Ð ð Đ đ Ħ ħ Ł ł Ø ø Ŧ ŧ.

tilde
(TIL-deh) Placed over a letter to denote the "nyuh" sound (as in the Spanish word "señorita," with the tilde over the n), or over a vowel to indicate nasality (as in the Portuguese word "irmã," with the tilde over the a). Examples: Ã ã Ĩ ĩ Ñ ñ Ũ ũ.

umlaut
(OOM-laut) Two dots placed above a vowel to indicate a partial assimilation to a succeeding sound. Also called diaeresis or dieresis (dai-ER-ih-sis) when placed over a vowel to show that the vowel is pronounced in a separate syllable. Used in Albanian, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Icelandic, Latvian, Swedish, Slovakian, and Turkish. Examples: Ä ä Ë ë Ï ï Ö ö Ü ü Ÿ ÿ.


LIST OF HTML SPECIAL CHARACTERS

  1. These codes are for use in HTML folk dance descriptions on the Internet.
  2. For easy look-up, this list is ordered alphabetically with capital letters followed by lower-case (small) letters. (Note that Numeric Codes are not necessarily consecutive in these instances.) At the end of the list are symbols in Numeric Code order within certain categories.
  3. Some browsers incorrectly display the proper Character (Char) for a particular letter-based Descriptive Code (Descrip), so we suggest that the number-based Numeric Code (Number) always be used instead.
  4. Some characters will not display in certain fonts and your browser may substitute another font to allow the character to be displayed.
  5. Even though a character may be displayed by a browser, there is no guarantee that it will be printed by your printer. Careful proofreading may be required and special characters entered by hand before a document is published in hardcopy.


LATIN ALPHABET

Char     Number   Descrip      Entity
 
À À À capital A, grave accent
à à à small a, grave accent
Á Á Á capital A, acute accent
á á á small a, acute accent
   capital A, circumflex accent
â â â small a, circumflex accent
à à à capital A, tilde
ã ã ã small a, tilde
Ä Ä Ä capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark
ä ä ä small a, dieresis or umlaut mark
Å Å Å capital A, ring (Angstrom)
å å å small a, ring
Ā Ā   capital A, macron
ā ā   small a, macron
Ă Ă   capital A, breve
ă ă   small a, breve
Ą Ą   capital A, ogonek
ą ą   small a, ogonek
Ǟ Ǟ   capital A, diaeresis and macron
ǟ ǟ   small a, diaeresis and macron
Ǻ Ǻ   capital A, ring above and acute
ǻ ǻ   small a, ring above and acute
Ǽ Ǽ   capital AE, acute
ǽ ǽ   small ae, acute
Æ Æ Æ capital AE diphthong (ligature)
æ æ æ small ae diphthong (ligature)
 
Ḃ   capital B, dot above
ḃ   small b, dot above
 
Ć Ć   capital C, acute
ć ć   small c, acute
Ç Ç Ç capital C, cedilla
ç ç ç small c, cedilla
Ĉ Ĉ   capital C, circumflex
ĉ ĉ   small c, circumflex
Ċ Ċ   capital C, dot above
ċ ċ   small c, dot above
Č Č   capital C, caron (hachek)
 
Ḋ   capital D, dot above
ḋ   small d, dot above
Ḑ   capital D, cedilla
ḑ   small d, cedilla
č č   small c, caron (hachek)
Ď Ď   capital D, caron (hachek)
ď ď   small d, caron (hachek)
DŽ DŽ   capital DZ, caron (hachek)
Dž Dž   capital D, small letter z with caron
dž dž   small DZ, caron (hachek)
Đ Đ   capital D, stroke
đ đ   small d, stroke
Ð Ð Ð capital ETH, Icelandic
ð ð ð small eth, Icelandic
DZ DZ   capital DZ
Dz Dz   capital D with small letter z
dz dz   small dz
 
È È È capital E, grave accent
è è è small e, grave accent
É É É capital E, acute accent
é é é small e, acute accent
Ê Ê Ê capital E, circumflex accent
ê ê ê small e, circumflex accent
Ë Ë Ë capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark
ë ë ë small e, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ē Ē   capital E, macron
ē ē   small e, macron
Ĕ Ĕ   capital E, breve
ĕ ĕ   small e, breve
Ė Ė   capital E, dot above
ė ė   small e, dot above
Ę Ę   capital E, ogonek
ę ę   small e, ogonek
Ě Ě   capital E, caron (hachek)
ě ě   small e, caron (hachek)
Ʒ Ʒ   capital Ezh
ʒ ʒ   small ezh
Ǯ Ǯ   capital Ezh, caron (hachek)
ǯ ǯ   small ezh, caron (hachek)
 
Ḟ   capital F, dot above
ḟ   small f, dot above
ƒ ƒ   small f, hook
 
Ǵ Ǵ   capital G, acute
ǵ ǵ   small G, acute
Ĝ Ĝ   capital G, circumflex
ĝ ĝ   small g, circumflex
Ğ Ğ   capital G, breve
ğ ğ   small g, breve
Ġ Ġ   capital G, dot above
ġ ġ   small g, dot above
Ģ Ģ   capital G, cedilla (below)
ģ ģ   small g, cedilla (above)
Ǧ Ǧ   capital G, caron (hachek)
ǧ ǧ   small g, caron (hachek)
Ǥ Ǥ   capital G, stroke
ǥ ǥ   small g, stroke
 
Ĥ Ĥ   capital H, circumflex
ĥ ĥ   small h, circumflex
Ħ Ħ   capital H, stroke
ħ ħ   small h, stroke
 
Ì Ì Ì capital I, grave accent
ì ì ì small i, grave accent
Í Í Í capital I, acute accent
í í í small i, acute accent
Î Î Î capital I, circumflex accent
î î î small i, circumflex accent
Ï Ï Ï capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark
ï ï ï small i, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ĩ Ĩ   capital I, tilde
ĩ ĩ   small i, tilde
Ī Ī   capital I, macron
ī ī   small i, macron
Ĭ Ĭ   capital I, breve
ĭ ĭ   small I, breve
Į Į   capital I, ogonek
į į   small i, ogonek
İ İ   capital I, dot above
ı ı   small i, dotless
IJ IJ   capital ligature IJ
ij ij   small ligature ij
 
Ĵ Ĵ   capital J, circumflex
ĵ ĵ   small j, circumflex
 
Ķ Ķ   capital K, cedilla
ķ ķ   small k, cedilla
Ǩ Ǩ   capital K, caron (hachek)
ǩ ǩ   small k, caron (hachek)
ĸ ĸ   small k, ra
Ḱ   capital K, acute
ḱ   small k, acute
 
Ĺ Ĺ   capital L, acute
ĺ ĺ   small l, acute
Ļ Ļ   capital L, cedilla
ļ ļ   small l, cedilla
Ľ Ľ   capital L, caron (hachek)
ľ ľ   small l, caron (hachek)
Ŀ Ŀ   capital L, MiddleDot
ŀ ŀ   small l, MiddleDot
Ł Ł   capital L, stroke
ł ł   small l, stroke
LJ LJ   capital LJ
lj lj   small lj
 
Ṁ   capital M, dot above
ṁ   small m, dot above
 
Ń Ń   capital N, acute
ń ń   small n, acute
Ñ Ñ Ñ capital N, tilde
ñ ñ ñ small n, tilde
Ņ Ņ   capital N, cedilla
ņ ņ   small n, cedilla
Ň Ň   capital N, caron (hachek)
ň ň   small n, caron (hachek)
Ŋ Ŋ   capital Eng
ŋ ŋ   small eng
NJ NJ   capital NJ
Nj Nj   capital N, small J
nj nj   small nj
ʼn ʼn   small N, preceded by apostrophe
 
Ò Ò Ò capital O, grave accent
ò ò ò small o, grave accent
Ó Ó Ó capital O, acute accent
ó ó ó small o, acute accent
Ô Ô Ô capital O, circumflex accent
ô ô ô small o, circumflex accent
Õ Õ Õ capital O, tilde
õ õ õ small o, tilde
Ö Ö Ö capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark
ö ö ö small o, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ø Ø Ø capital O, slash
ø ø ø small o, slash
Ō Ō   capital O, macron
ō ō   small o, macron
Ŏ Ŏ   capital O, breve
ŏ ŏ   small o, breve
Ő Ő   capital O, double acute
ő ő   small o, double acute
Ǿ Ǿ   capital O, stroke and acute
ǿ ǿ   small o, stroke and acute
Œ Œ   capital ligature OE
œ œ   small ligature oe
 
Ṗ   capital P, dot above
ṗ   small p, dot above
 
Ŕ Ŕ   capital R, acute
ŕ ŕ   small r, acute
Ŗ Ŗ   capital R, cedilla
ŗ ŗ   small r, cedilla
Ř Ř   capital R, caron (hachek)
ř ř   small r, caron (hachek)
ɼ ɼ   small R, long leg
 
Ś Ś   capital S, acute
ś ś   small s, acute
Ŝ Ŝ   capital S, circumflex
ŝ ŝ   small s, circumflex
Ş Ş   capital S, cedilla
ş ş   small s, cedilla
Ș Ș   capital S, comma below (Romanian)
ș ș   small s, comma below (Romanian)
Š Š   capital S, caron (hachek)
š š   small s, caron (hachek)
Ṡ   capital S, dot above
ṡ   small s, dot above
ß ß ß small sharps, German (sz ligature)
ſ ſ   small s, long
 
Ţ Ţ   capital T, cedilla
ţ ţ   small t, cedilla
Ț Ț   capital T, comma below (Romanian)
ț ț   small t, comma below (Romanian)
Ť Ť   capital T, caron (hachek)
ť ť   small t, caron (hachek)
Ŧ Ŧ   capital T, stroke
ŧ ŧ   small t, stroke
Ṫ   capital T, dot above
ṫ   small t, dot above
Þ Þ Þ capital THORN, Icelandic
þ þ þ small thorn, Icelandic
 
Ù Ù Ù capital U, grave accent
ù ù ù small u, grave accent
Ú Ú Ú capital U, acute accent
ú ú ú small u, acute accent
Û Û Û capital U, circumflex accent
û û û small u, circumflex accent
Ü Ü Ü capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark
ü ü ü small u, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ũ Ũ   capital U, tilde
ũ ũ   small u, tilde
Ū Ū   capital U, macron
ū ū   small u, macron
Ŭ Ŭ   capital U, breve
ŭ ŭ   small u, breve
Ů Ů   capital U, ring above
ů ů   small u, ring above
Ű Ű   capital U, double acute
ű ű   small u, double acute
Ų Ų   capital U, ogonek
ų ų   small u, ogonek
 
Ẃ   capital W, acute
ẃ   small w, acute
Ẁ   capital W, grave
ẁ   small w, grave
Ẅ   capital W, diaeresis
ẅ   small w, diaeresis
Ŵ Ŵ   capital W, circumflex
ŵ ŵ   small w, circumflex
 
Ý Ý Ý capital Y, acute accent
ý ý ý small y, acute accent
Ỳ   capital Y, grave
ỳ   small y, grave
ÿ Ÿ Ÿ capital y, dieresis or umlaut mark
ÿ ÿ ÿ small y, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ŷ Ŷ   capital Y, circumflex
ŷ ŷ   small y, circumflex
Ÿ Ÿ   capital Y, diaeresis
 
Ź Ź   capital Z, acute
ź ź   small z, acute
Ż Ż   capital Z, dot above
ż ż   small z, dot above
Ž Ž   capital Z, caron (hachek)
ž ž   small z, caron (hachek)


GREEK ALPHABET

Α Α   greek capital Alpha
α α   Greek small alpha
Β Β   Greek capital Beta
β β   Greek small beta
Γ Γ   Greek capital Gamma
γ γ   Greek small gamma
Δ Δ   Greek capital Delta
δ δ   Greek small delta
Ε Ε   Greek capital Epsilon
ε ε   Greek small epsilon
Ζ Ζ   Greek capital Zeta
ζ ζ   Greek small zeta
Η Η   Greek capital Eta
η η   Greek small eta
Θ Θ   Greek capital Theta
θ θ   Greek small theta
Ι Ι   Greek capital Iota
ι ι   Greek small iota
Κ Κ   Greek capital Kappa
κ κ   Greek small kappa
Λ Λ   Greek capital Lamda
λ λ   Greek small lamda
Μ Μ   Greek capital Mu
μ μ   Greek small mu
Ν Ν   Greek capital Nu
ν ν   Greek small Nu
Ξ Ξ   Greek capital Xi
ξ ξ   Greek small xi
Ο Ο   Greek capital Omicron
ο ο   Greek small omicron
Π Π   Greek capital Pi
π π   Greek small pi
Ρ Ρ   Greek capital Rho
ρ ρ   Greek small rho
Σ Σ   Greek capital Sigma
σ σ   Greek small sigma
ς ς   Greek small final sigma
Τ Τ   Greek capital Tau
τ τ   Greek small tau
Υ Υ   Greek capital Upsilon
υ υ   Greek small upsilon
Φ Φ   Greek capital Phi
φ φ   Greek small phi
Χ Χ   Greek capital Chi
χ χ   Greek small chi
Ψ Ψ   Greek capital Psi
ψ ψ   Greek small psi
Ω Ω   Greek capital Omega
ω ω   Greek small omega


CYRILLIC ALPHABET

А А   Cyrillic capital letter A
а а   Cyrillic small letter a
Б Б   Cyrillic capital letter Be
б б   Cyrillic small letter be
В В   Cyrillic capital letter Ve
в в   Cyrillic small letter Ve
Г Г   Cyrillic capital letter Ghe
г г   Cyrillic small letter ghe
Д Д   Cyrillic capital letter De
д д   Cyrillic small letter de
Е Е   Cyrillic capital letter Ie
е е   Cyrillic small letter ie
Ж Ж   Cyrillic capital letter Zhe
ж ж   Cyrillic small letter zhe
З З   Cyrillic capital letter Ze
з з   Cyrillic small letter ze
И И   Cyrillic capital letter I
и и   Cyrillic small letter i
Й Й   Cyrillic capital letter short I
й й   Cyrillic small letter short i
К К   Cyrillic capital letter Ka
к к   Cyrillic small letter ka
Л Л   Cyrillic capital letter El
л л   Cyrillic small letter el
М М   Cyrillic capital letter Em
м м   Cyrillic small letter em
Н Н   Cyrillic capital letter En
н н   Cyrillic small letter en
О О   Cyrillic capital letter O
о н   Cyrillic small letter o
П П   Cyrillic capital letter Pe
п п   Cyrillic small letter pe
Р Р   Cyrillic capital letter Er
р р   Cyrillic small letter er
С С   Cyrillic capital letter Es
с с   Cyrillic small letter es
Т Т   Cyrillic capital letter Te
т т   Cyrillic small letter te
У У   Cyrillic capital letter U
у у   Cyrillic small letter u
Ф Ф   Cyrillic capital letter Ef
ф ф   Cyrillic small letter ef
Х Х   Cyrillic capital letter Ha
х х   Cyrillic small letter ha
Ц Ц   Cyrillic capital letter Tse
ц ц   Cyrillic small letter tse
Ч Ч   Cyrillic capital letter Che
ч ч   Cyrillic small letter che
Ш Ш   Cyrillic capital letter Sha
ш ш   Cyrillic small letter sha
Щ Щ   Cyrillic capital letter Shcha
щ щ   Cyrillic small letter shcha
Ъ Ъ   Cyrillic capital letter hard sign
ъ ъ   Cyrillic small letter hard sign
Ы Ь   Cyrillic capital letter Yeru
ы ы   Cyrillic small letter yeeru
Ь Ь   Cyrillic capital letter soft sign
ь ь   Cyrillic small letter soft sign
Э Э   Cyrillic capital letter E
э э   Cyrillic small letter e
Ю Ю   Cyrillic capital letter Yu
ю ю   Cyrillic small letter yu
Я Я   Cyrillic capital letter Ya
я я   Cyrillic small letter ya
Ё Ё   Cyrillic capital letter Io
ё ё   Cyrillic small letter io
Ђ Ђ   Cyrillic capital letter Dje
ђ ђ   Cyrillic small letter dje
Ґ Ґ   Cyrillic capital letter Ghe with upturn
ґ ґ   Cyrillic small letter ghe with upturn
Ѓ Ѓ   Cyrillic capital letter Gje
ѓ ѓ   Cyrillic small letter gje
Є Є   Cyrillic capital letter Ukrainian Ie
є є   Cyrillic small letter Ukrainian ie
Ѕ Ѕ   Cyrillic capital letter Dze
ѕ ѕ   Cyrillic small letter dze
І І   Cyrillic capital letter Byelorussian-Ukrainian I
і і   Cyrillic small letter Byelorussian-Ukrainian i
Ї Ї   Cyrillic capital letter Yi
ї ї   Cyrillic small letter yi
Ј Ј   Cyrillic capital letter Je
ј ј   Cyrillic small letter je
Љ Љ   Cyrillic capital letter Lje
љ љ   Cyrillic small letter lje
Њ Њ   Cyrillic capital letter Nje
њ њ   Cyrillic small letter nje
Ћ Ћ   Cyrillic capital letter Tshe
ћ ћ   Cyrillic small letter tshe
Ќ Ќ   Cyrillic capital letter Kje
ќ ќ   Cyrillic small letter kje
Ў Ў   Cyrillic capital letter short U
ў ў   Cyrillic small letter short u
Џ Џ   Cyrillic capital letter Dzhe
џ џ   Cyrillic small letter dzhe


CURRENCY SYMBOLS

ø ø latin small letter with stroke
Ø Ø latin capital letter with stroke
¤ ¤ ¤ general currency sign
$ $   dollar sign
¢ ¢ ¢ cent sign
£ £ £ pound sterling
¥ ¥ ¥ yen sign
₣   franc sign
₤   lira sign
₧   peseta sign
€   euro sign


MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS

−   minus sign
+ +   plus sign
± ± ± plus or minus sign
× × × multiply sign
÷ ÷ ÷ division sign
Ω   ohm sign
℮   estimated symbol
⅛   vulgar fraction, one eighth
¼ ¼ ¼ fraction one-fourth
⅜   vulgar fraction, three eighths
½ ½ ½ fraction one-half
⅝   vulgar fraction, five eighths
¾ ¾ ¾ fraction three-fourths
⅞   vulgar fraction, seven eighths
∂   partial differential
∆   increment
∏   N-ary product
∑   N-ary summation
∙   bullet operator
√ #radic; square root
∞   infinity
∟   right angle
∩   intersection
∫   integral
≈   almost equal to
≠   not equal to
≡   identical to
≤   less-than or equal to
≥   greater-than or equal to
fi   small ligature fi
fl   small ligature fl


PUNCTUATION MARKS AND OTHER SYMBOLS

& & & ampersand
© © © copyright
™   trademark sign
® ® ® registered trademark
℅   care of
¡ ¡ ¡ inverted exclamation
¿ ¿ ¿ inverted question mark
" " " quotation mark
‘   left single quotation mark
’   right single quotation mark
“   left double quotation mark
”   right double quotation mark
‹   single left-pointing angle quotation mark
›   single right-pointing angle quotation mark
« « « left angle quote, guillemot left
» » » right angle quote, guillemot right
‚   single low-9 quotation mark
‛   single high-reversed-9 quotation mark
„   double low-9 quotation mark
< &#60; &lt; less-than sign
> &#62; &gt; greater-than sign
  &#160; &nbsp; non-breaking space
¦ &#166; &brvbar; broken vertical bar
§ &#167; &sect; section sign
ª &#170; &ordf; feminine ordinal
¬ &#172; &not; not sign
­ &#173; &shy; soft hyphen
° &#176; &deg; degree sign
² &#178; &sup2; superscript two
³ &#179; &sup3; superscript three
&#8319;   superscript small n
µ &#181; &micro; micro sign (Mu)
&#182; &para; paragraph sign
· &#183; &middot; middle dot
¹ &#185; &sup1; superscript one
º &#186; &ordm; masculine ordinal
&#8208;   hyphen
&#8211;   en dash
&#8212;   em dash
&#8213;   horizontal bar
&#8215;   double low line
&#8224;   dagger
&#8225;   double dagger
&#8226;   bullet
&#8227;   triangular bullet
&#8230;   horizontal ellipsis
&#8232;   line separator
&#8233;   paragraph separator
&#8240;   per mille sign
&#8242;   prime
&#8243;   double prime
&#8252;   double exclamation mark
&#8254;   overline
&#8259;   hyphen bullet
&#8260;   fraction slash
&#8470;   numero sign


DIACRITICALS ONLY

´ &#180; &acute; acute accent
˝ &#733;   double acute accent
¸ &#184; &cedil; cedilla
˘ &#728;   breve
˙ &#729;   dot above
˚ &#730;   ring above
˛ &#731;   ogonek
˜ &#732;   small tilde
¨ &#168; &uml; umlaut (dieresis)
¯ &#175; &macr; macron accent